1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication.
在你生活的某个时刻,几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时,你希望自己十分有把握。但是,即便你从未发表过一个演讲,你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。
need for= 需要…;
effective= 有效的;
public speaking= 公共演讲;
almost=几乎;
certainly=必定;
touch=接触;
sometime=某一时刻;
life=生活;
ready=准备;
even if =即使;
never=从未;
another=另一个;
speech=演讲;
still=仍然;
have to=不得不;
gain=获得;
public speaking=公共演讲;
class=课;
training =训练;
research=研究;
topic=主题;
organiz=组织;
idea= 思路;
present=表现;
yourself= 你自己;
skillfully=技巧地;
invaluable=无价之宝;
type=类型;communication=交流
Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully.―――这句话中的organizing 、presenting都是跟随前面的那个in来的,只不过省略了in(在…方面)
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是:传达、说服、吸引,这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中,你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点,你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。
similarity=类似;
between…and…=在…和…之间;
daily=日常的;
conversation=交谈;
major=主要的;
goal=目的;
inform=传达;
persuade=说服;
entertain=吸引;
also=也;
conversation=交谈;
without=没有;
thinking about=考虑;
employ=使用;
wide=宽的 ;
range=范围;
skill=技巧;
organize=组织;
logically=逻辑;
tailor=修改;
message=信息;
audience=听众;
maximum=最大限度;
impact=效果;
adapt to=适应;
feedback=反馈;
listener=听众;
important=重要;
need for=需要…..
There are=这是三大英语基本句型之【谓+主+状】的旗帜性象征【谓】部分;如本段中的There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation,一看到句子开头的There are,就应该想到这是英语基本句型【谓+主+状】通常用于表达某地存在某物 (人)
The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation.这句话是三大英语基本句型之【主+系动词+表】,are是旗帜性象征【系】部分,这句话的【主】语部分是The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain; 【表】语部分the three major goals of everyday conversation;also是【状】语部分表示程度。一看到句子中的are,就应该想到这是英语基本句型【主+系动词+表】
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language. Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits.
当然,公开演说不同于交谈。首先,公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制,故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次,公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三,公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众,力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作,力求避免习惯性口头语。
of course= 当然;
public speaking=公共演讲;
different from=不同于….
conversation=交谈;
highly=高地;
structure=结构;
more …than….=比…更…;
impose=强加;
strict=严格;
time limitation=时间限制;
require=需要;
detailed=细致;
preparation =准备;
ordinary=普通;
speechmaking=演讲;
formal=正式;
language=语言;
listener=听众;
react to= 对…反应;
negatively=消极;
loaded with=装载某物;
slang=俚语;
jargon=行话;
grammar=语法;
demand=需要;
method=办法;
delivery=说话方式.;
effective=有效的;
adjust to=适应…;
audience=听众;
work at=致力于…;
avoid=避免;
distract=转移;
mannerism=特殊习惯;
verbal habit=习惯性口头语,verbal口头的
Public speaking demands a different method of delivery. 这句话是三大英语基本句型之【主+谓+宾+状】demands是旗帜性象征【谓】部分。一看到句子中的demands,就应该想到这是
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
在任何一个演讲教室里,学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上,最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会,让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑,你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步:选择你真正关心的演讲主题,充分地准备,集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样,你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。
major=主要;
concern=关心;
speech=演讲;
stage fright=怯场;
Actually=事实上;
successful=成功的;
speaker=演说家;
nervous=紧张的;
opportunity =机会;
confidence=信心;
nervousness =神经过敏;
work for=为...工作;
rather than=胜于;
against=阻碍;
take=获得;
a big step toward=进一大步;
overcome=克服;
positively=积极地, choose=选择;
topic=话题;
care about=担心;
prepare=准备;
thoroughly=十分地;
concentrate on=集中;
communicating with =通话;
audience=听众;
abilities=能力.
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
语言交流的过程,整体而言包括七个要素:演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息,它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息,并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物,而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。
speech communication=语言交流;
process=过程;
as a whole=总体上;
include=包括;
element=要素;
speaker=演讲者;
message=信息;
channel=沟(沟通途径);
listener=听众;
feedback=反馈;
interference=干扰;
situation=现场情形;
person=人;
initiate= 发起;
transaction=事件;
whatever=无论什么;
communicate=沟通
sent=send的过去时,传递;
by means of=依靠;
receive=接收;
provide ….to …=提供…给…;
impede=阻止;
place =地点;
occur=发生;
interaction=相互作用;
element=要素;
determine=决定
outcome=结果; i
nstance=实例
我们来看看本段中的the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs句子的演变.
A:The situation is the time and place现场形态是指时间和地点
B:Speech communication occurs in the time and place演说发生的那个时间和地点
两个句子的相同部分是the time and place把B中的相同部分用which代替
C:The situation is the time and place
D:Speech communication occurs in which
因为D中的which不在句首因此要【移位】到句首,因原來的 in the time and place 是「一起」用来表示 Speech communication occurs「动作发生的场所」,故要「一起移位」:
E:The situation is the time and place
F:in which Speech communication occurs
而后再将第F句,放在 E句「相同部分」的后面
G:The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs
由上面的例句变化过程,即可容易地了解,which前加了in/on/at 的用法,实际上就是在尚未合并前,在相同部分前已有这些「介词」之故,而通过合并句子所造出来了G句。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.
因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态,它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。
form=形式;
carry=承载 ;
ethical=道德 ;
responsibility=责任;
sound=声音;
mean=方式 ;
achieve=达到;
sound=健康;
do… by….=通过…对待…,by=通过;
sound =可靠;
evidence=证据;
valid=正确的;
reasoning=推理.
作者这句话中使用了三个sound,分别表达了三个意思“声音、健康、可靠”,由此我们可以看出英语的一词多义。
They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.这句话中的四个by地位是平等的,都伴随句中谓语do产生。
同时因为by是介词,介词后面一般跟名词,所以这四个by后的动词结构都是以动名词出现的being、being 、using、employing
英语基本句型【主+谓+宾+状】
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